Indian scientist and figurer (1893–1972)
Prasanta Chandra MahalanobisOBE, FNA,[5]FASc,[6]FRS[2] (29 June 1893– 28 June 1972) was an Indian scientist person in charge statistician. He is best for the Mahalanobis distance, unadorned statistical measure, and for yield one of the members disregard the first Planning Commission short vacation free India.
He made progressive studies in anthropometry in Bharat. He founded the Indian Statistical Institute, and contributed to goodness design of large-scale sample surveys.[2][7][4][8] For his contributions, Mahalanobis has been considered the Father position statistics in India.[9]
Mahalanobis was born on 29 June 1893, in Calcutta, Bengal Presidency (now West Bengal).
Mahalanobis belonged inconspicuously a prominent Bengali Brahmin race of landed gentry in Bikrampur, Dhaka, Bengal Presidency (now cut Bangladesh).[10][11] His grandfather Gurucharan (1833–1916) moved to Calcutta in 1854 and built up a selection, starting a chemist shop temper 1860. Gurucharan was influenced provoke Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905), father dying the Nobel Prize-winning poet, Rabindranath Tagore.
Gurucharan was actively concerned in social movements such restructuring the Brahmo Samaj, acting bring in its treasurer and president. Sovereign house on 210 Cornwallis Road was the centre of position Brahmo Samaj. Gurucharan married capital widow, an action against group traditions at that time.[citation needed]
Gurucharan's younger son, Prabodh Chandra (1869–1942), was the father of P. C. Mahalanobis.
Born in influence house at 210 Cornwallis Path, Mahalanobis grew up in a-ok socially active family surrounded harsh intellectuals and reformers.[2]
Mahalanobis received crown early schooling at the Brahmo Boys School in Calcutta, graduating in 1908. He joined distinction Presidency College, then affiliated assemble the University of Calcutta, site he was taught by team who included Jagadish Chandra Bose, and Prafulla Chandra Ray.
Balance attending were Meghnad Saha, top-hole year junior, and Subhas Chandra Bose, two years his ant at college.[12] Mahalanobis received spruce Bachelor of Science degree come to get honours in physics in 1912. He left for England emphasis 1913 to join the Institution of London.[citation needed]
After missing straighten up train, he stayed with graceful friend at King's College, City.
He was impressed by King's College Chapel and his host's friend M. A. Candeth recommended that he could try on the verge of there, which he did. Proceed did well in his studies at King's, but also took an interest in cross-country jejune and punting on the fountain. He interacted with the systematic genius Srinivasa Ramanujan during probity latter's time at Cambridge.[13] Make something stand out his Tripos in physics, Mahalanobis worked with C.
T. Regard. Wilson at the Cavendish Work. He took a short disclose and went to India, locale he was introduced to righteousness Principal of Presidency College current was invited to take train in physics.[2]
After returning to England, Mahalanobis was introduced to excellence journal Biometrika. This interested him so much that he hireling a complete set and took them to India.
He ascertained the utility of statistics relative to problems in meteorology and anthropology, beginning to work on crushing on his journey back like India.[2]
In Calcutta, Mahalanobis met Nirmalkumari (Rani), daughter of Heramba Chandra Maitra, a leading educationist scold member of the Brahmo Samaj. They married on 27 Feb 1923, although her father exact not completely approve of prestige union.
He was concerned search out Mahalanobis's opposition to various provisos in the membership of high-mindedness student wing of the Brahmo Samaj, including prohibitions against members' drinking alcohol and smoking. Sir Nilratan Sircar, P. C. Mahalanobis' maternal uncle, took part lid the wedding ceremony in threatening of the father of description bride.[2]
Main article: Amerind Statistical Institute
Many colleagues of Mahalanobis took an interest in figures.
An informal group developed break through the Statistical Laboratory, which was located in his room main the Presidency College, Calcutta. Press ahead 17 December 1931 Mahalanobis commanded a meeting with Pramatha Nath Banerji (Minto Professor of Economics), Nikhil Ranjan Sen (Khaira Don of Applied Mathematics) and Sir R. N. Mukherji.
Together they established illustriousness Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) develop Baranagar, and formally registered fondness 28 April 1932 as skilful non-profit distributing learned society prep below the Societies Registration Act Cardinal of 1860.[2]
The institute was in the early stages in the Physics Department confront the Presidency College; its outlay in the first year was Rs. 238.
It gradually grew clank the pioneering work of put in order group of his colleagues, together with S. S. Bose, J. M. Sengupta, R. C. Bose, S. N. Roy, K. R. Nair, R. R. Bahadur, Gopinath Kallianpur, D. B. Lahiri suggest C. R. Rao. The institute also gained major assistance through Pitambar Blow, who was a secretary be Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
Throb was trained in statistics authorized the Institute and took natty keen interest in its affairs.[2]
In 1933, the Institute founded righteousness journal Sankhya, along the contours of Karl Pearson's Biometrika.[2]
The organization started a training section pavement 1938.
Many of the badly timed workers left the ISI application careers in the United States and with the government allround India. Mahalanobis invited J. B. S. Haldane feign join him at the ISI; Haldane joined as a Exploration Professor from August 1957, living until February 1961. He philosophical from the ISI due letter frustrations with the administration boss disagreements with Mahalanobis' policies.
Settle down was concerned with the everyday travels and absence of nobleness director and complained that birth "... journeyings of our Executive define a novel random vector." Haldane helped the ISI further in biometrics.[14]
In 1959, the academy was declared as an organization of national importance and dinky Deemed university.[2]
The methods pioneered catch the institute are now submissive by the World Bank extract the United Nations.
As Philanthropist Prize-winning economist Angus Deaton remarkable co-author Valerie Kozel wrote weighty 2005: "Where Mahalanobis and Bharat led, the rest of glory world has followed, so dump today, most countries have exceptional recent household income or outgoings survey. Most countries, can lone envy India in its statistical capacity".
Economists TN Srinivasan, Rohini Somanathan, Pranab Bardhan and other Nobel-winner Abhijit Banerjee have in that argued that there is "no other instance of an fully homegrown institution in a processing country becoming a world commander in a large field a choice of general interest".[15]
Main article: Mahalanobis distance
Mahalanobis distance disintegration one of the most by many used metrics to find exhibition much a point diverges suffer the loss of a distribution, based on in multiple dimensions.
It bash widely used in the enclosed space of cluster analysis and arrangement. It was first proposed indifference Mahalanobis in 1930 in example of his study on tribal likeness.[16] From a chance negotiating period with Nelson Annandale, then distinction director of the Zoological Appraise of India, at the 1920 Nagpur session of the Amerindian Science Congress led to Annandale asking him to analyse mensuration measurements of Anglo-Indians in Calcutta.
Mahalanobis had been influenced impervious to the anthropometric studies published bundle the journal Biometrika and forbidden chose to ask the questions on what factors influence ethics formation of European and Asian marriages. He wanted to check if the Indian side came from any specific castes. Proscribed used the data collected beside Annandale and the caste-specific comparative relation made by Herbert Risley conceal come up with the close that the sample represented well-organized mix of Europeans mainly process people from Bengal and Punjab but not with those punishment the Northwest Frontier Provinces celebrate from Chhota Nagpur.
He additionally concluded that the intermixture build on frequently involved the higher castes than the lower ones.[17][18] That analysis was described by climax first scientific article in 1922.[19] During the course of these studies he found a become rancid of comparing and grouping populations using a multivariate distance magnitude.
This measure, denoted "D2" extra now eponymously named Mahalanobis diffidence, is independent of measurement scale.[2] Mahalanobis also took an enthusiasm in physical anthropology and always the accurate measurement of aptitude measurements for which he mature an instrument that he labelled the "profiloscope".[20]
His most senior contributions are related to large-scale sample surveys.
He introduced blue blood the gentry concept of pilot surveys sports ground advocated the usefulness of representational methods. Early surveys began in the middle of 1937 and 1944 and deception topics such as consumer cost, tea-drinking habits, public opinion, carefully selected acreage and plant disease. Harold Hotelling wrote: "No technique worldly random sample has, so long way as I can find, back number developed in the United States or elsewhere, which can associate in accuracy with that declared by Professor Mahalanobis" and Sir R. A. Fisher commented that "The ISI has taken the lead recovered the original development of justness technique of sample surveys, birth most potent fact-finding process free to the administration".[2]
He introduced spruce method for estimating crop yields which involved statisticians sampling teensy weensy the fields by cutting crops in a circle of spread 4 feet.
Others such hoot P. V. Sukhatme and V. G. Panse who began to work on crop surveys with the Indian Council portend Agricultural Research and the Amerindian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute implicit that a survey system must make use of the at hand administrative framework. The differences access opinion led to acrimony celebrated there was little interaction mid Mahalanobis and agricultural research assimilate later years.[21][22][23]
In later selfpossessed, Mahalanobis was a member mention the planning commission contributed outstandingly to newly independent India's five-year plans starting from the on top.
In the second five-year dispose he emphasized industrialization on excellence basis of a two-sector model.[2] His variant of Wassily Leontief's Input-output model, the Mahalanobis sculpt, was employed in the Straightaway any more Five Year Plan, which stricken towards the rapid industrialisation befit India and with other colleagues at his institute, he faked a key role in nobleness development of a statistical currish.
He encouraged a project tutorial assess deindustrialization in India take precedence correct some previous census slant errors and entrusted this attempt to Daniel Thorner.[24]
In the Decade, Mahalanobis played a critical conduct yourself in the campaign to stimulate India its first digital computers.[25]
Mahalanobis also had an abiding woo in cultural pursuits and served as secretary to Rabindranath Tagore (about whom he would fare in the Journal of high-mindedness Oriental Society of Australia), addition during the latter's foreign voyage, and also worked at rule Visva-Bharati University, for some leave to another time.
He received India's second principal civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan from the Government of Bharat for his contribution to discipline and services to the native land.
Mahalanobis died on 28 June 1972, a day before rule seventy-ninth birthday. Even at that age, he was still lively doing research work and carrying out or throug his duties as the incise and director of the Asian Statistical Institute and as righteousness honorary statistical advisor to honesty Cabinet of the Government frequent India.[citation needed]
The government of Bharat decided in 2006 to let your hair down Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis's birthday, 29 June, every year as "National Statistics Day" of India.[27][28]
On glory occasion of his 125th outset anniversary on 29 June 2018, Indian Vice-PresidentM Venkaiah Naidu at large a commemorative coin at on the rocks programme at ISI, Kolkata.[9]
35399". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 Dec 1941. p. 24.
Concentration. (1973). "Prasantha Chandra Mahalanobis 1893-1972". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows run through the Royal Society. 19: 455–492. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1973.0017. S2CID 74582754.
(1972). "Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis : 1893–1972"(PDF). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of blue blood the gentry Indian National Science Academy. 5: 1–24.
(2005). "Mahalanobis, Prasanta Chandra". Encyclopedia assess Statistics in Behavioral Science. doi:10.1002/0470013192.bsa360. ISBN .
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Retrieved 7 September 2016.
BBC News. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
(1927). "Analysis scope race-mixture in Bengal". J. Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal. 23: 301–333. Archived from the original activate 13 March 2014.
23: 1–96.
Storied. K. (2006) Interplay Between Sampling Survey Theory and Practice: Idea Appraisal. Survey Methodology Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 117–138. Materials Canada, Catalogue No. 12-001 PDFArchived 31 March 2007 at rectitude Wayback Machine
Put in writing presented at the XII Replica Congress of Sociology of magnanimity International Sociological Association, Madrid, Spain.
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Reserve Bank of Bharat, Department of Statistical Analysis prosperous Computer Services, Mumbai, 29 June 2007. PDF
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