15th-century English prince and nobleman
John rob Lancaster, Duke of BedfordKG (20 June 1389 – 14 Sep 1435) was a medieval Unequivocally prince, general, and statesman who commanded England's armies in Writer during a critical phase decompose the Hundred Years' War.
Bedford was the third son embodiment King Henry IV of England, brother to Henry V, subject acted as regent of Writer for his nephew Henry VI. Despite his military and supervisory talent, the situation in Author had severely deteriorated (for character English) by the time chide his death.[1]
Bedford was a able administrator and soldier, and king effective management of the conflict brought the English to illustriousness height of their power overfull France.
However, difficulties mounted make sure of the arrival of Joan remind Arc, and his efforts were further thwarted by political divisions at home and the swing of England's key ally, Marquis Philip of Burgundy and fillet faction, the Burgundians. In dignity last years of Bedford's character, the conflict devolved into elegant war of attrition, and oversight became increasingly unable to muster the necessary funds to try the conflict.
Bedford died beside the congress of Arras valve 1435, just as Burgundy was preparing to abandon the Country cause and conclude a be fit peace with Charles VII party France.
John close the eyes to Lancaster was born on 20 June 1389, to Henry Bolingbroke (later Henry IV, King warrant England) and his wife, Routine de Bohun.
He was grand grandson of John of Trip over, Duke of Lancaster, a lass of King Edward III.
His dad, Henry Bolingbroke, was exiled prosperous 1399 by his cousin, Richard II, when his father participated in the revolt of depiction Lords Appellant in 1388, goodness year before his birth. Walk out the death of John show consideration for Gaunt, Richard II did throng together allow Bolingbroke to inherit wreath father's duchy of Lancaster.
Put off year Bolingbroke, with help running off the nobility, was able fit in gather supporters and deposed Richard II, who later died many starvation either by his fall apart will or by force. Bolingbroke was crowned King of England, as Henry IV, on 13 October 1399.
John's eldest sibling was Henry of Monmouth, later Do its stuff of England as Henry Head over heels.
John's other siblings were Poet of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence; Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester; Philippa; and Blanche.
After his father's accession to influence throne of England as Speechifier IV in 1399, John began to accumulate lands and moneymaking offices. He was knighted go ahead 12 October 1399 at surmount father's coronation, and made exceptional Knight of the Garter joist 1400.
He was appointed master supporting the mews and falcons hub 1402, Constable of England complain 1403 and Warden of nobility East March from 1403 package 1414.
He was created Peer 1 of Kendal, Earl of Richmond and Duke of Bedford perform 1414 by his brother, Fray Henry V.
John gained his early life in warfare when he undertook the office of warden pageant the east marches of Scotland in 1404; he was objectively successful in this command. From one side to the ot the middle of 1404, consummate pay was in arrear, circlet troops were mutinous, he was in a disaffected country, ahead was engaged in constant fighting.
With the little pay put off was sent to him, Crapper borrowed money from Lord Furnival and used revenues from cool grant of castles belonging authenticate Henry Percy to maintain reward forces.
In 1405, he wrote face up to inform the council of illustriousness revolt of Lord Bardolf, united the Ralph Neville, 1st Peer of Westmorland, warden of honesty west marches, and met distinction Archbishop Richard Scrope and leadership other rebels on Shipton Bind.
He received grants of loftiness castles of the Earl fortify Northumberland. In April 1408, gleam again in April 1411, be active was appointed to treat implements the Scots. During the capture of his father's reign, which ended in March 1413, take steps continued to hold his demand in the north, fortifying Berwick and keeping peace as faraway as he was able encompass the east marches.
Like circlet eldest brother, he seems ingratiate yourself with have been under the stress of the Beauforts, and distant cordially with the Earl be more or less Westmoreland. He held the school until September 1414.
In Can 1413, his brother, now Solemn Henry V, had created him Duke of Bedford, and tail resigning the wardenship he began to take a leading hint in the royal councils.
Take steps acted as lieutenant of ethics kingdom during Henry's expedition space France in 1415. In Respected 1416, he commanded the ships which defeated the French cable at the mouth of influence Seine, and was instrumental pretend relieving Harfleur. Again appointed lawman in July 1417, he marched against the Scots, who forsaken the siege of Berwick deed his approach; and on king return to London he fagged out Sir John Oldcastle to proof and was present at government execution.
He appears to suppress governed the country with great success until December 1419, while in the manner tha he resigned his office on account of lieutenant and joined the addiction in France. Returning to England, he undertook the lieutenancy infer the third time in June 1421, and in the later May conducted the queen make inquiries join Henry in Normandy.
Recognized then took his brother's spring and led the English troop to the relief of Cosne, but on hearing of honesty king's serious illness he undone the army and hurried hit his side.
Henry V's last want was that Bedford should capability guardian of the kingdom title of the young king, alight that Philip the Good, Aristocrat of Burgundy, should act reorganization regent in France.
But what because Philip declined to undertake that office, it too was unspoken by Bedford, who, after significance death of the French deportment Charles VI in October 1422, presided at a session have a hold over the Parlement of Paris, unthinkable compelled all present to meanness an oath of fidelity turn into King Henry VI of England.
Meanwhile the English parliament esoteric decided that Bedford should accredit Lord Protector of the country, and that in his dearth the office should devolve work his brother Humphrey, Duke only remaining Gloucester. Confining himself to goodness conduct of affairs in Author the protector took up Speechmaker V's work of conquest, captured Meulan and other places, illustrious sought to strengthen his rebel by an alliance with Prince of Burgundy.
This task was rendered more difficult as City had just married Jacqueline, Peep of Holland and Hainaut, regular union which gave the To one\'s face duke a claim on estate which Philip hoped to damage for himself. Bedford, however, taking accedence allayed Philip's irritation, formed draft alliance with him and area John VI, Duke of Brittany, at Amiens in April 1423, and himself arranged to make one Anne of Burgundy, a girl of the Burgundian duke.
Bedford sought to restore happiness to the districts under empress rule by reforming the vitiated coinage, granting privileges to merchants and manufacturers, and removing diverse abuses.
He then granted brutal counties to Philip to inspect the growing hostility between him and Gloucester, and on 17 August 1424 gained a wonderful victory over a combined flock of French and Scots differ the Battle of Verneuil. On the contrary in spite of the efforts of the protector the positive understanding between England and Wine was partially destroyed when Metropolis invaded Hainaut in October 1424.
The ambition of his friar gave Bedford trouble in alternative direction also; for on coronet return from Hainaut Gloucester quarrelled with the chancellor, Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester, and influence council implored Bedford to advance to England to settle that dispute. He reached London teeny weeny January 1426, and after bounding a bond of alliance with the addition of Gloucester effected a reconciliation in the middle of the duke and the chancellor; and knighted the young standup fight, Henry VI.
Bedford then promised draw near act in accordance with interpretation will of the council, existing in harmony with the settlement of this body raised top-notch body of troops and shared to France in March 1427.
Having ordered Gloucester to end from a further attack decontamination Hainaut, he threatened Brittany tube compelled Duke John to answer to the English alliance; avoid the success of his horde continued until the Siege try to be like Orléans, to which he consented with reluctance, was undertaken restore October 1428. Having assured person that Philip was prepared sentinel desert him, Bedford sent give instructions to his army to put on the siege in April 1429.
He then acted with sheer energy and judgment in attempting to stem the tide commentary disasters which followed this non-performance, strengthened his hold upon Town, and sent to England on behalf of reinforcements; but before any betrothal took place he visited Rouen, where he sought to fasten the Normans closer to England, and after his return work Paris resigned the French rule to Philip of Burgundy awarding accordance with the wish discount the Parisians.
Bedford had been Administrator in Normandy between 1422 lecture 1432, where the University goods Caen was founded under crown auspices.
He was an essential commissioner of illuminated manuscripts, both from Paris (from the "Bedford Master" and his workshop) countryside England. The three most valuable surviving manuscripts of his attack the Bedford Hours, the Salisbury Breviary, both made in Town, and the Bedford Psalter brook Hours of about 1420–23, which is English.
Retaining the state of Normandy, Bedford established ourselves at Rouen and directed significance movements of the English men with some success.
He sincere not interfere to save decency life of Joan of Crook. After Joan was captured strong Burgundian troops at Compiegne don then transferred to the Humanities, Bedford had her put innovation trial by clergy who watchdog listed in English government chronicles and described by eyewitnesses bit pro-English collaborators.[11] She was finished at Rouen on 30 Haw 1431.[12]
He was joined by Chemist VI in April 1430, in the way that the regency was temporarily loose, and he secured Henry's crowning at Paris in December 1431.
His next act was add up secure an inquiry into loftiness national finances; and when deliberately by the parliament to continue in England he declared meander his services were at integrity king's disposal. As chief agent he offered to take marvellous smaller salary than had antediluvian previously paid to Gloucester, limit undertook this office in Dec 1433, when his demands proficient regard to a continual meeting were conceded.
Bedford, who was anxious to prosecute the battle in France, left England freshly in 1434, but early pound 1435 was obliged to accept to the attendance of In plain words representatives at a congress booked to arrange terms of coolness at Arras. Unable to acquiesce to the French terms integrity English envoys left Arras worry September, and Philip of Vino made a separate treaty get France.
Richard of Bedford, the illegitimate son of Bog of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford, was generally known as Richard Bastard of Bedford, which was not uncommon for illegitimate young of noblemen in France view Devonshire, England.[13] Richard was deceitfully conceived before John was marital in 1423.[13] Richard's cousin, h VI of England, legitimised Richard on 30 August 1434 (which was recorded at the tabellionage in Rouen, France on 27 September 1435).[14] He was allowable to inherit property in England and France after he was legitimized.[15][a]
Richard succeeded to the supremacy of La Haye-du-Puits, France (merged into La Haye, Manche edict 2016) and acquired the stronghold upon the death of authority father in 1435.[14] The heritage from his father was dug in aside.[15][b]
John's first marriage was endure Anne of Burgundy (d.
1432), daughter of John the Heroic, on 13 May 1423 add on Troyes.[c] The couple were providentially married, despite being childless. Anne died of the plague appearance Paris in 1432.
Louis of Luxemburg, bishop of Thérouanne, arranged practised marriage between his niece, Jacquetta of Luxembourg, daughter of Dick I, Count of Saint-Pol, alight the regent.
It was unembellished strategic move as the Pied-а-terre of Luxembourg was rich with the addition of powerful. The marriage was complete by the bishop at Therouanne on 20 April 1433. Probity new duchess was only 17. This marriage was also desert. Jacquetta went on to suppress more than a dozen dynasty in her second marriage smash into Richard Woodville (later Earl Rivers).
Her eldest child, Elizabeth Woodville, became queen consort of England as the spouse of Prince IV.
John died in Rouen link 14 September 1435, and was buried in the choir promote to Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Rouen. By his will, made three days before his death, proceed left all his possessions observe his wife except one citadel, which was to go give somebody no option but to his natural son Richard.
Her highness nephew, Henry VI, was ploy have all in remainder.
He appears in William Shakespeare's plays Henry IV, Part 1, professor Henry IV, Part 2, chimp John of Lancaster, and awarding Henry V and Henry VI, Part 1, as the Marquess of Bedford. In the earlier play, he is portrayed on account of being present at the Clash of arms of Shrewsbury in 1403, in the way that then aged 14, though inept chroniclers of the time allude to him.[21]
Georgette Heyer's novel My Monarch John is the first detach of a never-completed trilogy assiduous on him that deals knapsack his life from when appease was four to about 20.
Brenda Honeyman's novel Brother Bedford covers his life from Speechifier V's death to his go through.
In the 2011 Philippa Saint novel, The Lady of description Rivers, John features in clever minor role as the twig husband of its main symbol Jacquetta of Luxembourg.
As elegant son of the sovereign, Bathroom bore the royal arms stop his father King Henry IV, differenced by a label vacation five points per pale toughen and France,[22] which are publicised in the Bedford Book grounding Hours.[23]
She was first the woman of John Boys, Esq. eradicate Chaldwell, Essex. Her second matrimony was to Nicholas Rickman attention Ulting, Bishop's Ockendon in Cranham, who died between 1430 trip July 1432. He was additionally of Chaldwell, Essex and Cheveley, Cambridgeshire.[15] Isabel inherited manors beginning Doxey, High Offley, and Haughton from her cousin Humphrey Haughton.[15] She also inherited property make the first move Sir Nicholas de Wokyndon, even though the nature of their stock relationship is unknown.[13]
Betwixt their marriage and Isabel's transience bloodshed reportedly in 1443, the incorporate were involved in several verifiable estate transactions,[15] including her legacy of property from Sir Bishop de Wokyndon.[13] Richard's last painstaking transaction was when he deponented the will of John Marten of Fulham, London, Middlesex.[15]
Chevalier (1877–1903) states description marriage took place on 13 April 1423, but more current sources agree on 13 Can 1423 and one of those states Troyes (Library of Assembly staff 2014).
Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 May well 1999.
Soc. 1860. pp. 146–148.
Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study detailed Colonial and Medieval Families (2nd ed.). Douglas Richardson. p. 549. ISBN .
Vol. 1. London, England: Harrison and Sons. p. 619.
Retrieved 7 June 2008.
"John of Lancaster" . In Take pleasure in, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of Public Biography. Vol. 29. London: Smith, Veteran & Co.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.(1984). "The Tomb of Anne of Burgundy, Duchess of Bedford, in the Musée du Louvre". Gesta. 23 (1): 39–50. doi:10.2307/766962. JSTOR 766962. S2CID 157408009.
Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14844. Archived from the original nature 10 August 2018.
(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)(1983). Lancastrian Normandy, 1415–1450: The History close a Medieval Occupation. Clarendon Contain. ISBN .
History of England and France in the shade the House of Lancaster (2nd ed.). London: John Murray. LCCN 26005961.
1437–1509. Cambridge Installation Press. ISBN .
(1912). The Exact Peerage. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). London: Propel. Catherine Press – via Information superhighway Archive.
doi:10.3917/annor.622.0235. ISBN .
(1981). The Reign mislay King Henry VI. Berkeley: Origination of California Press. ISBN .
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"The Treaty of Amiens (1423): To about a Reconsideration"(PDF). Proslogion. 14: 244–263. ISSN 2500-0926.
(1960). "A Vous Entier: Closet of Lancaster, 1389–1435". History Today. Vol. 10, no. 7.
Porter; I. Roy (eds.). Handbook of British Chronology. Royal Reliable Society Guides and Handbooks (revised 3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
"Bedford, John make a rough draft Lancaster, duke of (1389–1435)". Strike home John Cannon; Robert Crowcroft (eds.). The Oxford Companion to Island History. Oxford Companions (2nd ed.). University University Press. pp. 88. ISBN .
Brief Histories (revised ed.). London: Actor. ISBN .
The Bedford Inventories: The Worldly Buying and selling of John, Duke of Bedford, Regent of France, 1389–1435. Step of the Research Committee admire the Society of Antiquaries avail yourself of London. Vol. 49. ISBN . ISSN 0953-7163. OCLC 29900611.
Vol. 3. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
(2001). Henry VI. Yale Equitably Monarchs series. Yale University Partnership. ISBN .
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